Potential Health Benefits of Bread Supplemented with Defatted Flaxseeds under Dietary Regimen in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Potential Health Benefits of Bread Supplemented with Defatted Flaxseeds under Dietary Regimen in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Year: 2012
Authors: Mohamed, D.A. Al-Okbi, S.Y. El-Hariri, D.M. Mousa, I.I.
Publication Name: Pol J Food Nutr Sci.
Publication Details: Volume 62; No. 2; Pages 103 – 108
Abstract:
Flaxseed is a rich source of dietary fibers and lignans. Uncontrolled diabetes may induce complication represented by dyslipidemia, high oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction. In the present research the beneficial effect of two months consumption of bread supplemented with defatted flaxseeds (DFB) together with dietary regimen was evaluated in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Protective effect towards diabetic complications was studied through evaluation of plasma lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, liver and kidney function. The nutritional status of normal and diabetic patients was evaluated through assessing body mass index and nutrients’ intake. Results showed reduction of body mass index in both normal and diabetic patients after nutritional intervention. Analysis of mean dietary intake of normal and diabetic patients in the beginning of the study revealed that all subjects were hyper-caloric that reduced to be 79percent and 84percent from RDA, respectively after treatment. After two months of supplementation with DFB, diabetic patients showed significant reduction of plasma glucose. Both diabetic patients and normal subjects showed significant improvement in plasma lipid profile and significant reduction of lipid peroxidation. Consumption of DFB in addition of dietary regimen may be helpful in preventing diabetes and its complications. (Authors abstract)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is affecting large number of individuals worldwide. Hyperglycemia has been found to play a key role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated damage. ROS are formed disproportionately in diabetes by glucose oxidation, non-enzymatic protein glycation and the subsequent oxidative degradation of glycated proteins. Many scientific reports indicate that diabetic complications are associated with overproduction of ROS and accumulation of lipid peroxidation byproducts. Flaxseed has been reported to possess antioxidant properties against various diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, chronic inflammation, and pre-cancerous stage. The objective of this study was to assess the protective role of flaxseed bread in normal subjects and its reducing ability of diabetic complications.
After two months of dietary intervention, BMI was reduced in normal and diabetic patients significantly but they were still overweight. Compared to the starting level the reduction in plasma glucose level in diabetic patients was -14percent. Postprandial glucose level in diabetic patients showed significant reduction (-15percent) after supplementation with flaxseeds bread and dietary regimen when compared with that of the starting level. Normal subjects and diabetic patients showed significant reduction in plasma level of plasma total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-Ch and T-Ch/HDL-Ch ratio with different levels after consumption of DFB in comparison to their starting levels. Significant elevation in plasma level of HDL-Ch was observed in normal subjects and diabetic patients after supplementation with DFB and dietary regimen when compared to their respective starting levels. A significant higher plasma level of MDA (20percent) was observed in the diabetic patients compared to those of the normal subjects at the start of the study. Supplementation with flaxseeds bread and dietary regimen induced a significant decrease of MDA levels in plasma by 25percent and 16percent in normal and diabetic patients, respectively. The present results showed that DFB along with dietary regimen exhibited significant reduction in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and improvement of plasma lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients and significant improvement of lipid profile in normal subjects.
The role of DFB in reducing plasma glucose and MDA and improvement of lipid profile in the present study might be due to dietary fibers (gum), proteins and lignans contents of flaxseed. Flaxseed have been reported to possess antioxidant activity and the ability to lower blood glucose, serum lipids, serum total cholesterol, LDL-Ch and triacylglycerol while increasing serum HDL-Ch. Flaxseed gum has an important role in the management of hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in humans which might be due to its ability to reduce absorption of glucose and lipids from the gastrointestinal tract. The hypocholesterolemic effect of plant protein has been proved previously. Flaxseed is a rich source of lignans, which are converted by gut bacteria into the bioactive mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol with a potent antioxidant activity that may result in reduction of MDA in the present study. Supplementation of normal subjects and diabetic patients with DFB together with dietary advice improved plasma lipid profile, reduced plasma glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic patients and has potential protective effect on normal subjects against occurrence of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. The dietary treatment also produced reduction in BMI. (Editors comments)
